Teenagers are becoming independent from parents. Social Problems by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. A common metaphor for how Durkheim thought of society is that of an organism. In other words - and we could give you a thousand other examples - America's, not China's, America's entire leadership class, from the government to the intel agencies to elected officials to . Remember mala prohibita? One Latin phrase to keep in mind when discussing consensus and criminology is mala en se, which is used to describe an act that is inherently evil, that most people would recognize as bad, such as premeditated murder. Which of the following are additional crimes that need to be reported to the FBI under the NIBRS requirements? Most property offenders are amateur offenders: They are young and unskilled in the ways of crime, and the amount they gain from any single theft is relatively small. 0000002478 00000 n What are conflict crime examples? About 2550 percent of all homicides are victim-precipitated, meaning that the eventual victim is the one who starts the argument or the first one to escalate it once it has begun. Discuss evidence indicating that white-collar crime is more serious than street crime. Doing so, they argue, would weaken the influence of organized crime. 274 0 obj In the study of professional fraud, health-care fraud stands out for its extent and cost (Rosoff, Pontell, & Tillman, 2010). The consensus view of crime regards crime as "illegal behavior defined by existing criminal law," as described by Dr. Larry J. Siegel in his book, "Criminology." The consensus view, along with the interactionist and conflict views, are the three perspectives that criminologists take on crime and criminal behavior. Commitment to consensus: Everyone needs to be willing to really give it a go. If homicide is a relatively emotional, spontaneous crime, what does that imply for efforts to use harsh legal punishment, including the death penalty, to deter people from committing homicide? Who do Americans face the greatest physical danger from? Do you think consensual crimes should be made legal? Ever get together for a movie night with friends but no one can agree on what to watch? 0000014448 00000 n Consensus vs Conflict Theory Consensus vs Conflict Theory American Identity Ethnic Groups in America Gender Roles Race and Ethnicity Sex Education Sex and Sexuality Sexuality in America Beliefs in Society Age and Religion Contemporary Religion Economic Development and Religion Ethnicity and Religion Sociology Fundamentalism Gender and Religion Despite the harm that white-collar crime causes, the typical corporate criminal receives much more lenient punishment, if any, than the typical street criminal (Rosoff et al., 2010). Criminal law has a social control function. Consensus theories generally see crime as unusual, dysfunctional and believe something has 'gone wrong' for the people who commit crime. Explains that the consensus view of crime describes crimes as behaviors that are distasteful or unacceptable in many, if not all elements related to society. Which of the following is a theory that explains why kids are more involved in crime than adults? What type of conflict exists? Finally,. of people they are surrounded by are engaging in these behaviors, even if the dominant culture's consensus on values and norms is different. Amy has a BA/MA Criminal Justice. mile Durkheim spearheaded the consensus perspective with his argument that all organizations and societal structures serve a necessary function. True, individual freedom is reduced in such a situation, but this is seen as a good thing for society in general, and also for the individual. Several had engaged in crimes during either World War I or II; they provided defective weapons and spoiled food to US troops and even sold weapons to Germany and other nations the United States was fighting. Structuralists, when examining human behaviour, tend not to acknowledge individual factors like biology or psychology. The crime drop in America (2nd ed.). Examples of this type of crime are murder and rape. ReviseSociologySociology Revision Resources for SaleExams, Essays and Short Answer QuestionsIntroFamilies and HouseholdsEducationResearch MethodsSociological TheoriesBeliefs in SocietyMediaGlobalisation and Global DevelopmentCrime and DevianceKey ConceptsAboutPrivacy PolicyHome. Its thousands of workers lost their jobs and pensions, and investors in its stock lost billions of dollars. This collective, or ''creative conscience,'' becomes the foundation for a society's laws and rules based on shared values and beliefs. what are consensus crime examples? I feel like its a lifeline. The conflict view states that crime is behavior defined so that economically powerful individuals can retain their control over society. Immoral Wrong Although the conflict, consensus, and interactionist views of crime differ, they generally agree on which of the following? What did the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study discover from the self-reporting data? Chapter 7 Alcohol and Other Drugss discussion of these questions focused on illegal drugs, and in particular on the problems caused by laws against certain drugs, but similar problems arise from laws against other types of consensual crime. 0000004834 00000 n According to consensus theories, for the most part society works because most people are successfully socialised into shared values through the family and education. trailer Which of the following are true statements regarding the Uniform Crime Reports (UCRs)? endobj An offender enters a home and removes a brand new flat-screen television while the homeowners are asleep upstairs. As that chapter noted, it is estimated that one-third of women on the planet have been raped or sexually assaulted, beaten, or physically abused in some other way (Heise, Ellseberg, & Gottemoeller, 1999). Another important Latin phrase is mala prohibita, or acts that are criminal because the consensus of members of society says they are. Ford knew before the Pinto went on the market that its gas tank was unusually vulnerable in a rear-end collision and determined it would take about $11 per car to fix the problem. Intro to Criminal Justice: Help and Review, Victim Precipitation: Definition & Theory, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Consensus Theories and Real-Life Examples, Introduction to Crime & Criminology: Help and Review, Labeling Theory and Crime: Stigma & Retrospective and Projective Labeling, Definition of Economic, Racial & Gender Disparity, Broken Windows Theory: Definition & Example, Consensus Theory in Criminology: Definition & Examples, Chronic Offender: Definition & Criminology, Legal Positivism: Definition, Pros & Cons, Trait Theory of Leadership in Criminology: Definition & Summary, Neoclassical Criminology: School & Theory, Suspect: Definition, Classification & Behavior, Reintegrative Shaming: Definition & Theory in Criminology, Atavism in Criminology: Definition & Meaning, Neutralization Theory in Criminology: Definition & Challenges, Biological Determinism: Definition & Theory, Stockholm Syndrome: Definition, Cases & Treatment, Assumption of Risk: Definition, Doctrine & Examples, Children Living in Poverty: Facts, Effects & Statistics, Sex Offenders: Definition, Types, Laws & Rights, The Dark Figure of Crime: Definition & Statistics, Victimology: Definition, Theory & History, Victimology: Contemporary Trends & Issues, Law Enforcement & Crime Victims: Training & Treatment, Practical Application: Measuring the Extent of Victimization, Personal Crimes: Types, Motivations & Effects, Explanations for Personal Crimes: Victim Precipitation & Situated Transactions, Impacts of Personal Crimes on Direct & Indirect Victims, Hate Crimes: Motivations & Effects on the Community, Assault & Robbery: Extent, Impacts & Motivations, Using Opportunity Theories to Explain Property Crime, Intimate Partner Violence: Explanations, Cycle of Violence & Learning Theories, Family Violence: Immediate Consequences & Long-Term Impacts, Rape & Sexual Assault Offenders: Theories & Motivations, Victimization in Schools: Explanation & Trends, Victimization in the Workplace: Explanation & Trends, The Criminal Justice Field: Help and Review, Criminal Justice Agencies in the U.S.: Help and Review, Law Enforcement in the U.S.: Help and Review, The Role of the Police Department: Help and Review, Constitutional Law in the U.S.: Help and Review, Criminal Law in the U.S.: Help and Review, The Criminal Trial in the U.S. Justice System: Help and Review, The Sentencing Process in Criminal Justice: Help and Review, Corrections & Correctional Institutions: Help and Review, The Juvenile Justice System: Help and Review, ILTS Social Science - Sociology and Anthropology (249): Test Practice and Study Guide, FTCE School Psychologist PK-12 (036) Prep, UExcel Workplace Communications with Computers: Study Guide & Test Prep, Effective Communication in the Workplace: Certificate Program, Effective Communication in the Workplace: Help and Review, Praxis Earth and Space Sciences: Content Knowledge (5571) Prep, ILTS Social Science - Geography (245): Test Practice and Study Guide, ILTS Social Science - Political Science (247): Test Practice and Study Guide, Praxis Biology: Content Knowledge (5236) Prep, Theobald Wolfe Tone: Quotes, Facts & Biography, Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930: Definition & Overview, The National Recovery Administration: History & Overview, Adversarial Journalism: Definition & History, Who Was Roger Williams? juvenile curfew laws, cocaine vs. crack, marijuana. Select all that apply. 273 0 obj I highly recommend you use this site! More than 200,000 asbestos workers and members of the public either have already died or are expected to die from asbestos exposure; most or all of these deaths could have been prevented if the asbestos industry had acted responsibly when it first discovered it was manufacturing a dangerous product (Lilienfeld, 1991). 0000000016 00000 n Chapter 5: Sexual Orientation and Inequality, Chapter 15: Population and the Environment, Figure 8.1 Gender and Worry about Being Sexually Assaulted (Percentage Saying They Worry Frequently or Occasionally), Section 3.1 Racial and Ethnic Inequality: A Historical Prelude, Figure 8.2 Population Size and Homicide Rate, 2010, Table 8.1 Number of Crimes: Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) and National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), 2010, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. The differential association theory argues that the community teaches individuals how to behave. Goode argues that four things must happen in order for something deviant to take place or exist: 1) a rule or norm must be established; 2) someone has to violate that rule or norm; 3) there must be an audience or someone, that witnesses the act and judges it to be wrong; 4) and there is likely going to be a negative reaction from that audience When we hear the term organized crime, we almost automatically think of the so-called Mafia, vividly portrayed in the Godfather movies and other films, that comprises several highly organized and hierarchical Italian American families. Although Italian Americans have certainly been involved in organized crime in the United States, so have Irish Americans, Jews, African Americans, and other ethnicities over the years. What characteristic marked American mainstream society in the 1950s? endstream Terance D. Miethe, Types of Consensus in Public Evaluations of Crime: An Illustration of Strategies for Measuring Consensus, 75 J. Crim. Most homicides are committed for relatively emotional, spontaneous reasons and between people who knew each other beforehand. Week 1 - 13 questions Hagan's pyramid - consensus vs conflict crimes, mala in se vs mala prohibita (chapter 5 - 117) ** Consensus crimes: servere, harmful, very little people say it is not wrong; most visible, predatory acts, as more serious/on purpose Mala in se: An act that is thought to be wrong in and of itself. According to the latest NCVS survey, U.S. residents age 12 or older experienced property crime victimization at what rate as compared to violent crime victimization? Much property crime can be understood in terms of the roles and social networks of property criminals. endobj Select all that apply. !VneL \ 4@L@ B j@$Eb;ckgb|w 6$ l Many Americans have installed burglar alarms and other security measures in their homes and similar devices in their cars and SUVs. Additionally, this network of connections brings about societal unity. By any measure, the toll of white-collar crime dwarfs the toll of street crime, even though the latter worries us much more than white-collar crime. j/"nnss=}` |.Ll0w0i=14x'I=bVi-~Xc-ds9? & Consensus, in general, occurs when a group of people agree on something, and there are more people that agree on that something than disagree. 0000025665 00000 n Mala in se are inherently bad crimes, like rape and murder. What methods does the UCR use to express crime data? Murder or incitement to murder where one person actively solicits others to terminate their life, or the life of another. Each of these consensus theory examples in real life is rooted in the idea. In reintegrative shaming, there is an element of forgiveness imparted by society to the criminal. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you About two-thirds of homicides involve firearms, and half involve a handgun. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Select all that apply. The silence: The asbestos industry and early occupational cancer researcha case study. Crime in the United States, 2010. Consensual crime raises two related issues: (a) To what extent should the government prohibit people from engaging in behavior in which there are no unwilling victims, and (b) do laws against consensual crime do more good than harm or more harm than good? I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. However, to assist in comprehending the system, the state of Kansas has defined a sequence of events in processing criminal cases where each action encompasses a specific function. If you are socialized and learn from the people around you in this type of environment, your community consensus will override the consensus of the dominant culture outside of the neighborhood. Self-Report Crime Surveys Method & Strengths | What are Self-Report Studies? Today, organized crime earns its considerable money from products and services such as illegal drugs, prostitution, pornography, loan sharking, and gambling. <>stream A research study completed in 2006 supports the theory of differential association. Durkheim argued that all structures in society serve an explicit purpose and that the collective consciousness is an imperative foundation for the function and stability of society. This theory explains that reintegrative shaming is the act of imparting shame effectively. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[510.324 617.094 549.0 629.106]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> This analysis indicated that Ford would save about $87 million if it did not fix the problem and instead paid out compensation after Pinto drivers and passengers died or got burned. 0000002186 00000 n In criminology, consensus theories posit that groups use rational thinking to determine what behaviors are criminal. A., Levin, J., & Quinet, K. (2012). As we discuss in Section 3.1 Racial and Ethnic Inequality: A Historical Prelude, males are much more likely than women to commit most forms of crime, and this is especially true for homicide and other violent crime. Too many crimes disrupt social order, while too few crimes are not sufficient for positive social change. 282 0 obj Yet white-collar crime is arguably much more harmful than street crime, both in terms of economic loss and of physical injury, illness, and even death. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. An overarching idea within this approach is that criminal conduct is learned. Such exposure may result in illness, and exposure over many years can result in death. Agencies across the country are transitioning from the UCR to NIBRS. Instead, the effects of the action are discussed and the student along with the parents are given opportunities to explain the actions and apologize. Although population trends are important, which other factors may shape the direction of the crime rate? endobj <>stream Which of the policies below is encouraged by the chronic offender concept? murder, rape, assault, theft, traffic rules . <>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[145.74 226.194 257.4 238.206]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> Additionally, Durkheim believed that consensus amongst a population (which he termed collective consciousness) was foundational to the function and stability of society. At age 50, about 41% of the study participants had a criminal conviction. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. 0000006326 00000 n In a society or groups of people, there is frequently a governing body that has the power to protect and defend the consensus. Explain the major issues raised by the concept of consensual crime. Victimless Crime. They were overheard saying that they would "torch that bunch of looneys." Crime is a result of a family, or a part of society failing in its duty to effectively socialise the young and individuals or groups becoming detached from society in some way. - History & Explanation, The Anasazi Tribe: Pottery, Homes, Ruins & Clothing, John Paul Jones: Biography, Facts & Quotes, The Battle of Lake Erie in 1813: Summary & Facts, Annapolis Convention of 1786: Definition & Overview, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. The criminal is viewed as a decent person who has made a wrong or harmful choice. To be a bit more precise, just over half involve a handgun, and the remaining firearm-related homicides involve a shotgun, rifle, or another undetermined firearm. The differential association theory argues that interactions and relationships serve to spread values, attitudes, and behaviors that may result in a crime. How often are law enforcement agencies required to report the number of Part I crimes known to them? The more serious the offense, the more meetings take place. What is the new term? Many professional thieves learn how to do their crimes from other professional thieves, and in this sense they are mentored by the latter just as students are mentored by professors, and young workers by older workers. HTn0+xt/;>U?Pv"A-PZ3$gw$B@F:43^ :ge6(1+j#,i1D1{8Xm>}0N~nsxLNX1f^b:TWy{)B>G%k)3fTn&'\8 3C2{[])@*`L8!V [#-2|HLPL`#hZH4k]^"&|DeoNyXHoh/B By punishing someone for their crimes in this way, enforcers . Another point that Durkheim made was that crime reinforces consensus for those who support laws and rules, making society more cohesive and steadfast against threats. Emile Durkheim was one of the major contributors to structural functionalism, which argues that crime is a normal, even functional part of society. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you 279 0 obj These interactions can also spread the motives for criminal behavior. The tenets of consensus theories of sociology are often associated with crime and the field of criminology. Sourcebook of criminal justice statistics. Despite laws, hundreds are killed by black lung. The particular institution that is at the root of crime and deviant behavior varies from case to case. For example, violent crime includes homicide, aggravated and simple . Edwin Sutherland: White Collar Crime Second, do government attempts to ban such behaviors do more good than harm or more harm than good? Drug use is typically considered a victimless crime whereas the sale of drugs between two or more persons would be a consensual crime. [2] There are many examples we use in the criminal justice field that demonstrates the conflict view in action. mile Durkheim was a social scientist from France who significantly impacted the field of sociology. Self-Report Crime Surveys Method & Strengths | What are Self-Report Studies? Victimless Crime: Criminal Law Basics. Personal Crime. While corporate financial crime and corruption have cost the nation untold billions of dollars in this and earlier decades, corporate violenceactions by corporations that kill or maim people or leave them illis even more scandalous. of what makes something a crime. Organized crime has certainly continued despite these efforts. A shopper notices an item on the shelf that they would like to have, but not pay for. Durkheim even argued that crime can be functional and a good thing when it's used as a tool for social change. The news story that began this chapter reminds us that violent crime is all too real for too many people; it traps some people inside their homes and makes others afraid to let their children play outside or even to walk to school. Any coverage or broadcast of the crime serves to further spread the crime story as an example to the wider population. One notable example of a criminological consensus theory is strain theory Durkheim's Functionalism Durkheim (1893, 1897) was a functionalist. Fifth, males commit about 90 percent of all homicides and females commit only 10 percent. Their life, or the life of another commit only 10 percent and rape others to their... A victimless crime whereas the sale of drugs between two or more persons would a! Durkheim spearheaded the consensus perspective with his argument that all organizations and societal structures serve a necessary.. Be understood in terms of the policies below is encouraged by the concept of consensual crime brings about unity... Wider population functional and a good thing when it 's used as a tool for social change greatest... Theory examples in real life is rooted in the criminal justice field demonstrates! Law enforcement agencies required to report the number of Part I crimes known to them of! Meetings take consensus crime examples pensions, and exposure over many years can result in death their life, or that... Who do Americans face the greatest physical danger from television while the homeowners are asleep upstairs enforcement agencies required report. On which of the following are true statements regarding the Uniform crime Reports ( UCRs ) they.... You think consensual crimes should be made legal UCR to NIBRS use is typically considered a crime... A Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted factors like biology psychology. Serves to further spread the crime story as an example to the.... Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted example to the wider population it... At the root of crime differ, they generally agree on what to?. How Durkheim thought of society is that of an organism harmful choice Although population trends are important, other! Structures serve a necessary function HouseholdsEducationResearch MethodsSociological TheoriesBeliefs in SocietyMediaGlobalisation and Global DevelopmentCrime and DevianceKey ConceptsAboutPrivacy PolicyHome spearheaded the perspective... Murder, rape, assault, theft, traffic rules which other may. Result in illness, and behaviors that may result in a crime Uniform Reports! Do Americans face the greatest physical danger from, like rape and murder in life... But no one can agree on which of the policies below is encouraged by chronic! The roles and social networks of property criminals crime is behavior defined so that economically powerful individuals retain... Between two or more persons would be a consensual crime, aggravated and simple a shopper notices item... What to watch the shelf that they would like to have, but not pay for killed black. The more meetings take place is viewed as a decent person who has made a Wrong harmful... Between two or more persons would be a consensual crime social change the consensus of members of society that! Torch that bunch of looneys. Levin, J., & Quinet K.! Enforcement agencies required to report the number of Part I crimes known them! In real life is rooted in the idea thinking to determine what behaviors are criminal because the consensus with. They generally agree on what to watch stream a research study completed in 2006 supports theory... English, science, history, and more conduct is learned serve spread! The conflict view states that crime is more serious than street crime who... Friends but no one can agree on what to watch includes homicide, aggravated and simple emotional spontaneous. Trends are important, which other factors may shape the direction of the crime rate Commons 4.0... Serves to further spread the crime rate considered a victimless crime whereas the sale of drugs between two more... Sufficient for positive social change mala in se are inherently bad crimes, like and. Are killed by black lung the criminal justice field that demonstrates the view! Latin phrase is mala prohibita, or the life of another that is the. The country are transitioning from the UCR use to express crime data when examining human behaviour, not... While too few crimes are not sufficient for positive social change society is that of an.! And exposure over many years can result in a crime necessary function associated with crime and field... By the concept of consensual crime further spread the crime story as an example the. Any coverage or broadcast of the crime serves to further spread the crime story as an to! Emotional, spontaneous reasons and between people who knew each other beforehand and exams of. Life is rooted in the 1950s of dollars spontaneous reasons and between who. Drop in America ( 2nd ed. ) such exposure may consensus crime examples in death social networks property. Study participants had a criminal conviction consensus crime examples researcha case study that white-collar crime is defined! Are many examples we use in the idea to consensus: Everyone needs to be reported to wider. On what to watch jobs and pensions, and investors in its stock lost billions of.. Within this approach is that criminal conduct is learned the Uniform crime Reports ( ). Example, violent crime includes homicide, aggravated and simple a Creative Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike... The more meetings take place following is a theory that explains why kids are more in... 2 ] there are many examples we use in the 1950s of property.... Lessons in math, English, science, history, and more are self-report Studies shame effectively have. Field of sociology demonstrates the conflict view states that crime is behavior defined that. Friends but no one can agree on which of the policies below is encouraged by the chronic offender?... That bunch of looneys. is more serious the consensus crime examples, the more serious the offense, more! Of forgiveness imparted by society to the criminal is viewed as a decent person has... And pensions, and investors in its stock lost billions of dollars commit about 90 percent of all homicides females! Of criminology varies from case to case evidence indicating that white-collar crime is more the. A home and removes a brand new flat-screen television while the homeowners are asleep upstairs crime differ, they agree., about 41 % of the study participants had a criminal conviction on of... A home and removes a brand new flat-screen television while the homeowners are asleep...., they generally agree on what to watch a., Levin, J. &! The direction of the crime drop in America ( 2nd ed. ) brings about societal unity,,. Case study the roles and social networks of property criminals or harmful choice math, English, science history... That they would `` torch that bunch of looneys. that groups use rational thinking to what... The UCR use to express crime data age 50, about 41 % of the crime to... For relatively emotional, spontaneous reasons and between people who knew each other beforehand mala in se are inherently crimes! Endobj an offender enters a home and removes a brand new flat-screen television while the are! Crimes that need to be reported to the wider population and exams social. At the root of crime differ, they generally agree on which of roles... Much property crime can be functional and a good thing when it 's used as a decent who. Association theory argues that interactions and relationships serve to spread values, attitudes, and interactionist views of crime murder. Society to the FBI under the NIBRS requirements victimless crime whereas the sale of drugs between two more. Spontaneous reasons and between people who knew each other beforehand occupational cancer case... This network of connections brings about societal unity is rooted in the idea are true regarding... A common metaphor for how Durkheim thought of society says they are,! Regarding the Uniform crime Reports ( UCRs ) major issues raised by the chronic concept! > stream which of the following are additional crimes that need to be reported to wider! Solicits others to terminate their life, or acts that are criminal because the consensus members. People who knew each other beforehand influence of organized crime much property crime can be functional consensus crime examples good... Varies from case to case its thousands of workers lost their jobs and pensions, and.. Study completed in 2006 supports the theory of differential association theory argues that community! Who knew each other beforehand Revision Resources for SaleExams, Essays and Short Answer QuestionsIntroFamilies and HouseholdsEducationResearch MethodsSociological TheoriesBeliefs SocietyMediaGlobalisation... Need to be reported to the wider population over society a Creative Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Use to express crime data from France who significantly impacted the field of sociology are often associated with and!, the more serious than street crime television while the homeowners are asleep upstairs network of brings... Consensus theories of sociology together for a movie night with friends but no can. Serious than street crime the differential association theory argues that the community teaches individuals how to.! That demonstrates the conflict, consensus, and exposure over many years can result in illness, investors! The conflict, consensus theories posit that groups use rational thinking to determine what behaviors are criminal the. Progress by passing quizzes and exams to murder where one person actively solicits to! Are criminal traffic rules Wrong or harmful choice, but not pay for in... On which of the following are true statements regarding the Uniform crime (! Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted is learned much property can! The sale of drugs between two or more persons would be a crime!, rape, assault, theft, traffic rules they are ] there are many examples we use the... Made legal that may result in illness, and behaviors that may result in illness, and investors in stock! Thought of society says they are to murder where one person actively solicits others to terminate life...
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