Spinozas views on necessity and possibility, which he claimed were the principal foundation of his Ethics (Ep75), have been less than well received by his readers, to put it mildly. 9 Moreover, one may claim that because nothing can limit God, he/she is continually active, or has the power to affirm existence eternally. 40 One reason why Spinoza believes this to be so is that nothing is, or can be conceivable without God. WebNo he warned against people (esp. Spinoza makes this claim since everything necessarily exists in God, and since nothing is outside of him/her, it follows that thinking things exists in him/her too. Also, one may claim that God cannot be the engenderer of sadness because he/she is ultimately the source of only adequate and true ideas, and since sadness is an affect that people inadequately understand, it follows that God cannot have caused it. Although Einstein said he believed in Spinozas God, its certain that Einstein did not have this abstract God in mind. WebLeibniz: Modal Metaphysics. 57, From this, people may also make the claim that their minds are singular wholes, and do not have various attributes, but rather various abilities that limitedly reflect God. WebEINSTEIN BELIEVES IN "SPINOZA'S GOD"; Scientist Defines His Faith in Reply, to Cablegram From Rabbi Here. - The Divine Mother. Moreover, if one looks more closely at the Stoic conception of God, it is by no means evident that it is the same as Spinoza's. Moreover, if God were free, as colloquially understood, he/she would be able to choose to cease being active, and thus, the continuity of existence would be in jeopardy since he/she would have the ability to be inactive. 89 One reason why this is so is that ideas and things necessarily follow the same order since they ultimately derive from God or Natures coherency. Nothing happens by chance. Len Satov God is the indwelling and not the transient cause of all things. In the attenuated and metaphorical sense that God can be said to love, God loves every single creation equally, i.e. WebSpinoza argues for the existence of God through its perfection. A History of Western Philosophy. What kind of egomaniac God do you think I am? Benedict de Spinoza, Hebrew forename Baruch, Latin forename Benedictus, Portuguese Bento de Espinosa, (born November 24, 1632, Amsterdamdied February 21, 1677, The Hague), Dutch Jewish philosopher, one of the foremost exponents of 17th-century Rationalism and one of the early and seminal figures of the Enlightenment. That is if someone were to claim that God is a collection of finite substances that person would be adhering to the view that finitude and infinitude are compatible, which cannot be so since the nature of those concepts are different. 62 One reason why Spinoza believes this is that bodies are of the same nature since they derive from the same attribute of God, and thus, it is the case that they all agree or relate in certain ways. At the age of 23 he was formally excommunicated, and cursed, by Jewish authorities in Amsterdam, where he had been raised in a Portuguese-Jewish family, probably for heretical ideas overheard in his conversations. What I want you to do is go out into the world and enjoy your life. First published Tue Aug 21, 2007; substantive revision Fri Sep 14, 2018. 86 At the same time, affects are still ideational, and thus they are compatible with the intelligibleness of peoples minds. For Spinoza God is not a person, and does not create for any reason or towards any purpose. [] They are all names for what is ultimate, When Einstein gave lectures at U.S. universities, the recurring question that students asked him most was: Baruch de Spinoza was a Dutch philosopher considered one of the great rationalists of 17th century philosophy, along with Descartes. IANALbutIAMAcat 4 yr. ago I agree with you here. Hence, since God is the only eternally active being, it follows that only he/she possesses the reliability to ensure the continuity of the unceasing activity found in the natural order. Everything is determined, not by Gods willHe doesnt have onebut by our being, with everything else, an integral part of Gods being. University of Central Florida Spinoza, Benedict De. One reason why Spinoza believes that God is equivalent to Nature is that there cannot be a multiplicity of self-caused substance, but instead just one, since if there were not there would be two incompatible substances facilitating the conditions of the natural order. On the last day of his life, before his death at the age of 44 That is because modes are finite and determinate, and follow the laws of Gods eternal nature, it is the case that they necessarily exist in him/her, since if they did not, they would be infinite and under no form of compulsion. 103 To Spinoza, it is impossible for God to slip into a lesser degree of perfection, not only because he/she is permanently unchanging, but also because he/she is limitless, and thus, what affects his/her limited modes, cannot affect him/her. Baruch de Spinoza was a Dutch philosopher considered one of the three great rationalists of the century philosophy, along with the French Ren Descartes. One consequence is that everything that happens in nature, and everything that natures lawful order dishes out to us personally, is necessarythe way the conclusion of a logical or mathematical demonstration is necessary. God as Perfect and Not the Cause of Sadness. New York: Harvest Books, 1966. That is, he doesnt lack any attributes. Our motto is: Don't quote it if you can't source it. Furthermore, God is immutable since he/she is not a conglomeration of substances, but rather an indivisible whole. Although sadness distorts peoples views of reality, it is still the case that those who cling to that emotion can learn the causes of it. One reason why Spinoza makes this claim is that joy acts upon people in ways that only affirms their essences, or helps them to persevere. Spinoza used the provocative formulation Deus sive naturaGod, or naturebut he actually regarded nature as just the visible, comprehensible aspect of We are helping you. What I want you to do is go out into the world and enjoy your life. This is my clarion call to all of humanity to embrace love, to embrace truth, to embrace peace, Build what is divinely beautiful. Winter 2016. 84, To Spinoza, there exist ideas that are external to people that have the ability to act upon or influence them to feel or be aware of themselves in greater or lesser ways than as they normally understand themselves. I cant tell you if theres anything after this life but I can give you a tip. Re-Intoxicated by God. Schocken Books. (Archangel Michael, Personal Reading, June 17, 2020. 61 In other words, peoples bodies are made up of smaller bodies that are either at rest or in motion just like their bodies. Moreover, if one looks more closely at the Stoic conception of God, it is by no means evident that it is the same as Spinoza's. I do not believe anyone has reached such perfection, surpassing all others, except Christ, to whom God immediately revealed without words or visions the conditions which lead to salvation. That is, Spinoza believes that though bodies are subject to numerous effects, and can undergo change, it is nevertheless the case that there cannot be a change in God, or Nature due to those bodies being finite in nature, whereas he/she is infinite. Asking God for one, asking that He suspend natural law for our benefit, is asking God to trip up God. In other words, if finite substances did compose God, that would mean that he/she would be finite too, but this cannot be the case since finite things do not have the power to affect something that is infinite. He has also given us Spinoza: A Life (1999), and both books are illuminating contributions to a recent surge of interest in the philosopher that includes Rebecca Goldsteins Betraying Spinoza and Matthew Stewarts The Courtier and the Heretic. Sign up now to get the Washington Examiners breaking news and timely commentary delivered right to your inbox. Our recommendations on other lightworker sites. Web"The fundamental atheism of Spinoza," said David Hume, "is the doctrine of the simplicity of the universe and the unity of that substance in which he supposes both thought and matter to inhere." Jaspers, Karl. He who loves God cannot endeavor that God should love him in return. Throughout the history of philosophy, many theorists have attempted to explain the meaning and cause of peoples sorrows. Spinoza is the first philosopher to write a systematic defense of democracy; it appears in his Theologico-Political Treatise, published in 1670. That gateway is open and you are being flooded and you are being assisted and you will be assisted every step of the way. Thats the way to praise me. Furthermore, if there were two or more substances they would be incompatible because, as causes of themselves, their distinct natures would prevent them from affecting one another. 37 From this, one may claim that modes cannot exist outside of God because, for something to exist outside of something else, it must precede it. God While he was at it he also demolished the Bibles claim to be the word of God, seizing on its inconsistencies and anachronisms, reduced religion to the simple moral imperative to love our neighbor (the rest being merely organized superstition), and called for a maximum freedom of thought and an end to all ecclesiastical authority over society. 99 That is, joy increases the minds ability to think and the bodys ability to act, and thus, it assists and brings people to a state in which they strive more powerfully in their beings. 43 Hence, since God, in the end, determines the conditions of all thinking things, it follows that he/she necessarily possesses the attribute of thought, because without it those thinking things would cease to be conceivable. Dutch Jewish philosopher Benedict de Spinoza was best known for his Ethics (1677), which laid out in geometric form arguments for the existence of an impersonal God, the identity of mind and body, determinism, and a way of overcoming the dominance of the passions and achieving freedom and 96 That is, people innately express Gods eternal actuality by striving to continually exists, and since they are necessarily aware that they are particular and finite expressions of him/her, it follows that they can use that awareness to judge what is conducive or not for their survivals. God had infinite qualities, of which we can perceive only two, thought and extension. In other words, since God is coherent, and ultimately gives rise to all modes, they necessarily display his/her coherency, albeit limitedly, and thus, what happens in their minds has a matching physical effect on their bodies and whatever affects their bodies has a similar effect on their minds. 16 In other words, as the sole cause of itself, nothing can compete with Gods infinite nature because all other things derive from causes other than themselves, which renders them to be subject to the conditions that they inherit from their immediate engenderers. Orlando, Florida, 32816 | 407.823.2000 To him, God would have said: Stop praying and Hence, when sadness ceases to affect a person, Spinoza claims that individual is living by reason, or an intellectual love of God, or Nature, whose ceaselessly active nature can only be the greatest asset for anyones survival. 74 Lastly, Spinoza continues to describe how the order and connection of ideas follow the same as the order and connection of things. Spinoza believes this is so since people can tell the difference between ideas that arise from themselves, which are adequate, and ideas that act upon them which are inadequate. 90 In other words, because God concurs with himself/herself as a corporeal substance, and since Nature concurs with itself as an immaterial substance or God, it follows that the mind and body cohere as derivatives of God or Nature. That is, adequate ideas have all the features of true ideas, but they do not indubitably match their objects since those ideas arise from within people, who cannot innately know the reality of another being since they cannot be another being. If you cant read me in a sunrise, in a landscape, in the look of your friends, in your sons eyes you will find me in no book! As men's habits of mind differ, so that some more readily embrace one form of faith, some another, for what moves one to pray may move another to scoff, I conclude that everyone should be free to choose for himself the foundations of his creed, and that faith should be judged only by its fruits; each would then obey God freely with his whole heart, while nothing would be publicly honored save justice and charity. 47, According to Spinoza, God is also a corporeal substance who possess the attribute of extension. From this, it follows that sadness, which derives from inadequate ideas and lessens the minds ability to think and the bodys ability to act, is identifiable by people due to those effects. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1967. 38 Finally, because modes are neither infinite nor free, they necessarily reside in and follow after God, or the one infinite and uncompelled substance. Spinoza presents God as conscious being with a mind that possesses an infinite, or unlimited intellect and an awareness of everything that exists. As understood by Spinoza, the real cause of sadness is ignorance or peoples lack of understanding the causes that have led them to feel sorrow. Now it is evident, from the definition above given, that prophecy really includes ordinary knowledge; for the knowledge which we acquire by our natural faculties depends on our knowledge of God and his eternal laws; but ordinary knowledge is common to all men as men, and rests on foundations which all share, whereas the multitude always strains after rarities and exceptions, and thinks little of the gifts of nature ; so that, when prophecy is talked of, ordinary knowledge is not supposed to be included. 110 Ultimately, this lack of knowledge leads Spinoza to claim that it can lead people to superstitious beliefs, such as God being the cause of their sorrows, or that God can curse them to feel saddened. On more modern times, it was Albert Einstein who was responsible for reawakening the interest on Spinozas works. Further, since people are specific expressions of God, it follows that their desires can range from one anothers since they are different insofar as their essences vary in the degree and magnitude of which of his/her laws they express. Do not get caught in the drama of white hats or black hats, or good guys or bad guys. The defense emerges as a necessary consequence of Spinozas metaphysical position and of his explicit repudiation of traditional political philosophy. Consequently, because sadness lessens peoples understanding of who they are, it must also necessarily affect their bodies ability to act. That is, sadness disrupts peoples abilities to exist because it causes them to less aware of themselves. I do not think it necessary for salvation to know Christ according to the flesh : but with regard to the Eternal Son of God, that is the Eternal Wisdom of God, which has manifested itself in all things and especially in the human mind, and above all in Christ Jesus, the case is far otherwise. In 1656, Spinoza was excommunicated. 31 In other words, because there can be only one infinite substance, all other things have to be finite since, as modes, they are not causes of themselves, but rather, in the end, derivatives of that one infinite substance. The rabbi cabled him in 1929 to ask him if he believed in God. 13 First, it is not the case that many infinite substances can exist because if they did that would mean that they would be unique and compatible at the same time, which is nonsensical. And if there is, rest assured that I wont ask if you behaved right or wrong, Ill ask. There is, after all, that famous chapter head in the Ethics, Of human bondage, or the strength of the emotions. In the Tractatus Spinoza compares the arbitrary divine power exercised in the Bible to the rule of some royal potentate. He wants to liberate us from a heavenly despot whom we abjectly petition for miraculous favors or reprieves, from clerics who claim to be his agents and intermediaries, and from the powerful and capricious emotions, especially hope and fear, that those clerics exploit. 68, Another claim that Spinozas makes that is central to his ideas on the body is that bodies, though determinate, nevertheless continue indefinitely, or it is not in their nature to refuse to be. Remaining unaffiliated in religion, unmarried, living simply, supporting himself by grinding lenses, he gathered a circle of relatively freethinking scholars and friends, including Quakers and Mennonites. 26 Furthermore, people can understand attributes as only being eternal and infinite since they arise through themselves, and thus, they are independent of needing one another for the continuity of their existences. Moreover, with distorted views of reality, people cannot adequately understand their persistent sorrows, and it is tough to assuage the pains that follow from that state of being. She begins: Benedict de Spinoza did not have a religionat least in the usual sense of the word (1). 93 Rather, those causes are external to people, and since affects are external to them too, it follows that only they have the potential to end their lives. The only thing for sure is that you are here, that you are alive, that this world is full of wonders. Moreover, God possesses the attribute of extension, since as Nature, he/she is physically infinite, and since all attributes are infinite, it follows that only a being of equal magnitude can possess the attribute of extension. Remarkable Last Words (or Near-Last Words). Rebecca Goldstein. God is the one and only genuine substance around. 6 One reason why he believes God is infinite is that as a substance, he/she is distinct, and nothing has the power to limit him/her because nothing is of his/her kind. 67 From this, one may also claim that because God is the only cause of himself/herself, no bodies can exist outside of him/her, and thus they cannot act upon, or affect him/her. The defense emerges as a necessary consequence of Spinozas metaphysical position and of his explicit repudiation of traditional political philosophy. 33 Moreover, Spinoza states that modes come to be by way of Gods attributes, or laws of existence, and thus they are determinate because they do not set their natures. . This life is the only thing here and now and it is all you need. 18 That is, nothing is as active as God is, because the activity of all existence cannot eternally continue if it relies on anything that can be inactive. (Archangel Michael: Do not Get Caught in the Drama of White Hats or Black Hats, Nov. 12, 2019; Im neither qualified to be a spiritual teacher nor do I wish to be one. 108 That is, by being without any inadequacies God cannot cause sadness, because his/her eternal activity can only exude true and adequate ideas. Russell, Bertrand. And he gives us the historical context of Dutch Golden Age politics and culture, which usually allowed the tolerant cosmopolitanism of its merchant class to prevail over clerical indignation. WebBy Richard Mather OVERVIEW: The pantheist ontology of Baruch Spinoza (b.1632 d.1677) is an attempt to deny the accountability of political evil. Im locked in. All I ask is that you pay attention in your life, that alertness is your guide. Spinoza also states that it is only of the nature of God, or the one substance, to be infinite and eternal. What did you enjoy the most? 52 Spinoza claims that the mind ultimately derives from God, by way of his/her attribute of thought, and innately expresses that attribute. 7 Likewise, no concepts are independent of God since his/hers is the only essence that relies on itself for its conceivability, rendering only him/her to be limitless. That is, if God were not equivalent to Nature, there would necessarily be two Gods, one to facilitate the laws of thought, and the other the laws of extension, which cannot be, since the natural order presents itself as a unified whole.49, Furthermore, God is necessarily a corporeal substance since if he/she were not, there would be nowhere for his/her modes to extend. Princeton: Penguin Books, 1996. Pantheistic mysticism? L ately, atheists have gone on a publishing offensive. God would have said: Stop praying and punching yourself in the chest! Respect your peers and dont do what you dont want for yourself. In other words, due to God having to be ceaselessly active to ensure the continuity of the natural order, it is the case that he/she cannot fall into a lesser state of activity or sadness, and thus, his/her essence cannot operate against or take away from anyones being. 36, In other words, if modes were to precede God, it would mean that they came into being without him/her, which cannot be the case since they are not external to him/her. When Einstein said he believed in "Spinoza's God", this is what he meant as well. And you may hear Voltaires jibes in Candide, aimed at Spinozas contemporary Leibniz, bouncing off Spinoza as well. Spinoza the atheist. That is, attributes eternally express God, and since they exist distinctly from one another, they cannot be compatible, which, in turn, bars them from limiting one another because they are not of the same natures. Finally, Spinoza goes on to describe the nature of Gods being as a corporeal substance, who possesses the attribute of extension. Rocco A. Astore, The New School for Social Research. Nietzsche wrote that he had deified the All and Life in order to find peace and happiness in the face of it. Nietzsche tried something like this, too, with his amor fati, love of fate, but with conspicuously less serene results. WebBENEDICT SPINOZA. 98 Furthermore, though peoples desires can differ, Spinoza nevertheless states that those desires that help them to live maximally, or to their fullest capacities, as they understand themselves, are good. 106 That is, God cannot feel, because it is not of his/her nature to do so, and since he/she is incompatible with the emotions that people project onto him/her, he/she can never hate anyone because those emotions cannot affect him/her. 35 Consequently, because God is first in the series of being, it follows that all modes must follow after him/her because if they did precede him/her, it would mean that they either caused themselves or caused him/her to be, which are both impossibilities. But I entrust this to you as well. According to Spinoza, God is perfect and cannot feel the effects of sadness. Since no two substances can share the same attributes/essence, that means that there is only one substance out there, and its God. Hence, because God is not anthropomorphic, it follows that whatever changes occur in peoples bodies cannot change God, or Natures body, in any way. Spinozas instinct for statist control and his distrust of the common man are displayed in Theological-Political Treatise (published 1670). 94. Yr. ago I agree with you here said: Stop praying and punching yourself the! Tell you if theres anything after this life is the one and only substance... In God the history of philosophy, many theorists have attempted to explain the meaning and cause all. For any reason or towards any purpose not have this abstract God in.. In Reply, to be so is that you pay attention in your life hats! To the rule of some royal potentate suspend natural law for our benefit, is God... For sure is that you are alive, that alertness is your guide suspend natural law for our benefit is. The mind ultimately derives From God, by way of his/her attribute of extension traditional political philosophy do get... 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